Shruti Speak's

Electronic Payment Schemes A Layered Protocol Model. A three layer model is used to compare payments schemes. Policy :The semantics of the payment scheme. This includes refunds policies, and the liabilities incurred by customers, merchants and financial institutions. Data flow : The requirements for storage of data by and communications between the parties. This includes not only the data flows for payments themselves but also for refunds, account enquiries and settlement. Mechanism : The methods by which the necessary security requirements for messages and stored data are achieved. All three abstraction levels are tightly coupled since policy makes requirements of data flow and data flow makes requirements of mechanism. Payment Protocol Models Cash: Cash consists of a token which may be authenticated independently of the issuer. This is commonly achieved through use of self authenticating tokens or tamper proof hardware. Cheque Cheques are payment instruments wh...

Electronic Payment Schemes A Layered Protocol Model. A three layer model is used to compare payments schemes. Policy : The semantics of the payment scheme. This includes refunds policies, and the liabilities incurred by customers, merchants and financial institutions. Data flow : The requirements for storage of data by and communications between the parties. This includes not only the data flows for payments themselves but also for refunds, account enquiries and settlement. Mechanism : The methods by which the necessary security requirements for messages and stored data are achieved. All three abstraction levels are tightly coupled since policy makes requirements of data flow and data flow makes requirements of mechanism. Payment Protocol Models. Cash Cash consists of a token which may be authenticated independently of the issuer. This is commonly achieved through use of self authenticating tokens or tamper proof hardware. Cheque Cheques are payment i...

The First E-mail on the Internet In 1971, the first e-mail was typed into the Teletype terminal connected to the Digital Equipment PDP-10 in the rear of the picture below. The message was transmitted via ARPAnet, the progenitor of the Internet, to the PDP-10 in front. Dan Murphy, a Digital engineer, took this photo in the Bolt, Beranek and Newman datacenter. See ARPAnet. Could They Have Imagined Spam? When they sent this first message in 1971, could they ever have imagined the billions of e-mails that would follow in the years to come? Step A: Sender creates and sends an email The originating sender creates an email in their Mail User Agent (MUA) and clicks 'Send'. The MUA is the application the originating sender uses to compose and read email, such as Eudora, Outlook, etc. Step B: Sender's MDA/MTA routes the email The sender's MUA transfers the email to a Mail Delivery Agent (MDA). Frequently, the sender's MTA also handles the responsibili...

Answers to the questions are as per the students input will be refined in further discussions What common characteristics of a decision support system relate to the decision making process? The role of DSS is to provide support to decision maker on the “structurable” portions of the decision. With this support, the decision maker is free to focus his or her cognitive resources on the truly unstructured portions of the problem – those portions that, gives the limit of technology to execute a complex problem – solving strategies contained in human memory, are better left for resolution by human decision makers. The decision process employed in addressing the unstructured portion of decision situation can be thought of as the human processes, we don’t yet understand well enough to effectively simulate via automation. Some common DSS characteristics are as follows:- Employed in semi structured or unstructured decision contexts. Intended to support decision makers rather than r...