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INFRARED (IR):-This light is electromagnetic radiations with longer wavelengths than those of visible light, extending from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nanometer (nm) to 1 mm. Wavelengths of these rays corresponds to a frequency range of approximately 430 THZ down to 300 GHz, and includes most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature. Infrared light is emitted or absorbed by molecules when they change their rational-vibrations movements. It was first discovered in 1800 by astronomer William Herschel. Slightly more than half of the energy from the Sun arrives on Earth in the form of infrared radiation. The balance between absorbed and emitted infrared radiation has a critical effect on Earth's climate.
History of Infrared:-The discovery of this radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. He published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. He used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays". The term 'Infrared' did not appear until late in the 19th century.


Applications of infrared:-

·       NIGHT VISION:-
Infrared rays is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see. Night vision devices operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible light. Infrared light sources can be used to augment the available ambient light for conversion by night vision devices, increasing in-the-dark visibility without actually using a visible light source.
The use of these lights and night vision devices should not be confused with thermal imaging, which creates images based on differences in surface temperature by detecting infrared radiation that emanates from objects and their surroundings.

·       THERMOGRAPHY:-
Infrared radiation can be used to determine the temperature of objects. This is termed thermography, or in the case of very hot objects in the NIR or visible it is termed pyrometry. Thermal imaging is mainly used in military and industrial applications but the technology is reaching the public market in the form of infrared cameras on cars due to the massively reduced production costs.
Thermo graphic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum and produce images of that radiation. Since these radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to "see" one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature, therefore thermography allows one to see variations in temperature.
                                     
·       Climatology:-
In the field of climatology, atmospheric infrared radiation is used to monitored and detect trends in the energy exchange between the earth and the atmosphere. These trends provide information on long-term changes in Earth's climate. This is one of the primary parameters studied in research into global warming, together with solar radiation. A pyrometer is utilized in this field of research to perform continuous outdoor measurements.


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