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IP Addressing: IP Address is of 32 bits. Eg : 192.168.2.25 No 2 system can have same IP as network conflict occurs. Address space IPV 4   is 2 32 Notations 1.        Binary notation – 0&1 2.        Dotted decimal notation -0-9 3.        Hexadecimal-0-15 Types of IP Addressing 1.        Class Full addressing: IP address space is divided/classified into 5 classes A,B,C,D and E. Address space of class A-2 31 Address space of class B-2 30 Address space of class C-2 29 Address space of class D-2 28 Address space of class E-2 28 Problems in Class A and B Host Id remains fixed & net id changes, 3 net id are there in class A and 2 net id   in class B and so it is difficult to change it again and again. A & B-small organization C- large organization D -military, for multicast addressing E-reserved for future use Net ID- Network id Host id-id given to the system Class A, B and C are divided into net id and host id. These part

By- Rajat Pandit, TNN After the first four "real" battlefields of land, air, sea and now increasingly space, India needs to get serious on the virtual front as well. The country should begin planning a full-fledged military cyber command, instead of the current piecemeal and disjointed steps to bolster cyber security, grappling as it already is with incessant online espionage and other attacks from China, Pakistan and others. This was the clear takeaway from the deliberations on cyber security and cyber warfare at the high-profile Munich security conference on Sunday, even though hardly figured in the discussions. experts said, the emergence of "cyber weapons" like the Stuxnet Software "Worm" that was used to sabotage Iran's nuclear program, had changed the entire security ball game, almost on a par with the use of nuclear bombs in 1945. "Someone used a cyber weapon in peacetime to physically destroy what the nation(Iran) could describe as

1. Explain in brief, what is SET? 2. SET is a protocol, true/false? 3. What is dual signature?

When it comes to e-commerce, first thing with pings someone mind is security!! Industry gurus have been putting heart n soul, in order to address this concern. SET was one of endeavor on same lines. Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) is a standard protocol that is used for securing credit card transactions over insecure networks. With the increase in security concerns over Internet SET has emerged as popular protocol for addressing transactions over Internet. Please note clearly, SET itself is not a payment system. It is a a set of security protocols and formats that enables users to employ the existing credit card payment infrastructure on an open network in a secure fashion! SET, developed by VISA and MasterCard (Credit card leaders) is based on X.509 certificates having several extensions. [Just FYI: X.509 is an ITU-T standard for a public key infrastructure (PKI. It specifies standard formats many things such as public key certificates, attribute certificates etc…] SET f

A Layered Protocol Model. A three layer model is looked upon to compare payments schemes. Policy: The linguistics of the payment scheme. It includes refunds policies, and the liabilities incurred by users, merchants as well as for financial institutions. Data flow: Very vital steps from online transactions parse, it includes data flow fro payments, refunds, account enquiries and settlement also. Mechanism: The process which endeavor is to achieve security requirements for messages and stored data Payment Protocol Models. Payment Protocol Models includes following instruments which have been introduced in aforesaid discussion: a. Cash: Cash consists of a token which doesn’t need much authenticity it’s usually achieved through use of self authenticating tokens or tamper proof hardware.  b. Cheque: Cheque are payment tool whose validity requires reference to the issuer.  c. Card: Card payment schemes provide a payments procedure through the existing credit card payment set-u

Now, let’s start rolling the e- related stuff! The twenty-first century way to pay is by electronic or digital cash (or one can say virtual cash also), which allows consumers to pay for goods/ services by transmitting a number from one computer to another. These numbers function much like the serial numbers on "real money”, they are unique and represent a specific amount of actual cash. Unlike credit-card transactions, electronic-cash transactions are anonymous. E-cash works just like paper cash. Once it is withdrawn from an account it does not leave a trail of digital crumbs. E-cash by its nature is portable and therefore more convenient for mobile commerce (Internet-capable cell phones and personal digital assistants). Couple of well known players in industry on this domain: Pay Pal - A U.S.-based system that allows individuals in the United States to send money to each other via email. First-E - A European, Internet-only bank. Mondex - Electronic cash that is made availab

     Electronic cash and payment schemes-Internet monetary and payment schemes,   Payment and Purchase order process, on line    electronic cash Now its time to know more about   E-Payments.  Basics Before jumping to e-com related jargons, let’s spend a while on basics on banking /payment systems. Banking originated in ancient era, where royal palaces, temples were used as secure place for safekeeping of grain and other commodities. Receipts for stored commodities were used for transfers not only to the original depositors but also to third parties, including tax gatherers and traders. Bank notes were introduced during 1694 by Bank of England as central banking system On following steps during 1775 continental congress issued paper money to finance revolutionary war. Thereafter in 1800s and early 1900 saw issuance of state bank notes, gold certificates. And finally in 1913 Federal Reserve act was created to further structure roadmap. Cheque: Its written order on a bank or other

a.  Security Without iota of thought it’s on mind of everyone who even thinks to do business online. Today hackers have become so personal, that it takes minutes to conquer / take over website having loop holes. Firewall, IDS, encryptions, digital signatures all have same endeavor to provide secure and peaceful life over internet cloud! b. Scalability It relates to your capability to run show, no matter what how large business gets. Usually new players/ freshers to e-commerce community don’t have strong vision. Most silly mistake players do, they under-estimate growth rate, never forget your playground is spread across globe. From day one, you should keep your seats belts tighten. One example in past, where we saw failure was “alladvantage.com” They failed to anticipate the network effect, and the company found its business model did not scale with unanticipated customer growth. They added one million customers within three months of launch; their revenue model was based on selling

Let’s first give quick glimpse to how EDI is setup, There are several ways to set up EDI. - A dedicated PC link to the EDI network. - A group of computers via modems linking to the EDI network - A dedicated server link to the EDI network Communication link could be: - dial-up phone line (such as ISDN line or switched digital services) - a dedicated link to the network’s local hub point. Required software: - Application software - Message translator - Routing manager - Communication handler Migration to Open EDI. The Internet and the transition to open EDI will change the economics of EDI by reducing setup and rollout costs. Migration groups: - A nonuser becoming a private network/VAN use

Advantages Seller prospective Buyer Prospective Playground in all online users! Wide choice, as usually your search used to end up Lowers selling cost, as not many taxes involved, apart from basic rules. Information could be searched precisely as per requirement Market is open 24x7x365! Market is open 24x7x365! Without much investment you can sell products across continents You can buy products across globe Buyer/seller have same platform Try your luck in auctions, reverse auctions to save money Disadvantages Seller prospective Buyer Prospective Every year, we hear new technology! Security, biggest threat for transactions Still many countries have deficient communication infrastructures In bulk deals / costly goods lack of trust with sellers Language, big barrier at times Even in digital era, many want to touch/feel before buying Currency conversions Not enough knowledgably about currency / tax rules Security issues for online transactions Concerned over warranty, sup

E-commerce can be spilt into four major categories: B2B, B2C, C2B, and C2C. Online Businesses can be commonly categorized as business to consumer (b2c), consumer to consumer (b2b), and business to business (b2b) business models. This means that any traditional business model can also be implemented online. These models have been discussed briefly as follows: B2B (Business-to-Business) Organizations/Companies doing business with each other. Manufacturers selling to distributors, wholesalers selling to retailers can be interpreted as B2B commerce. For example, bulb manufacturing company dealing with car manufactures. Pricing/ terms and conditions are based on quantity of order. Examples: shop2gether, metalsite, etc. Note : Check out http://www.golna.com. Ningbo GOLNA PARTS Co., Ltd. It is a B2B portal. It is a manufacturers and exporters in the home appliance components. Its products include washing machine spare parts, refrigerator spare parts etc. B2C (Business-to-Cons

Now its time to know more about E-Payments. Basics Before jumping to e-com related jargons, let’s spend a while on basics on banking /payment systems. Banking originated in ancient era, where royal palaces, temples were used as secure place for safekeeping of grain and other commodities. Receipts for stored commodities were used for transfers not only to the original depositors but also to third parties, including tax gatherers and traders. Bank notes were introduced during 1694 by Bank of England as central banking system On following steps during 1775 continental congress issued paper money to finance revolutionary war. Thereafter in 1800s and early 1900 saw issuance of state bank notes, gold certificates. And finally in 1913 Federal Reserve act was created to further structure roadmap. Cheque : Its written order on a bank or other financial institution to pay money belonging to the owner of cheque to cheque presenter. Personal cheque is drawn on individual bank accou

1. Explain in brief, what is SET? 2. SET is a protocol, true/false? 3. What is dual signature?

How SET works? As we all know people today pay for online purchases by usually sending their credit card details to the merchant. There is protocol such as SSL or TLS available that keeps the sender’s credit card details safe from eavesdroppers however are not able to protect merchants from dishonest customers or vice-versa. SET has been developed keeping in mind the limitations of existing protocols. SET requires both cardholders as well as merchants to register before they engage themselves in any transactions. Any card holder can register by contacting a certificate authority. He needs to supply security details and the public half of his proposed signature key to the certificate authority. During the registration authorities verify the applicant. After verification and granting approval authority provides the applicant with a certificate that provides a confirmation that his signature key is valid. All orders and confirmations have a digital signature. This is used to provide