Shruti Speak's

Human resource information system Finance and accounting information system Manufacturing information system Sales and marketing information system

Decisions needs to be analyzed for conditions and assumptions considered in the decision model. The process is executed through analytical modeling of problem and solution. The model is analyzed in four ways: What if analysis – Decisions are made using a model of the problem for developing various solution alternatives & testing them for best choice. The model is built with some variables and relationship between variables . in reality, the considered values of variables and relationships may not hold good and therefore solution needs to be tested for an outcome, if considered values of variables or relationship change. This method of analysis is called ‘what if analysis’. Sensitivity analysis – It is a special case of what if analysis in which only one variable is changed and rest are kept unchanged. It helps to understand the significance of variable in decision making and improves the quality of decision making. Goal achieving analysis – in this, the problem is analyzed in e

THE ACCURACY IN REPRESENTATION - The test of accuracy is how closely it represents a situation or event. The degree of precision will decide the accuracy in representation. THE FORM OF PRESENTATION - Forms are qualitative or quantitative, numeric or graphic, printed or displayed, summarized or detailed. Appropriate form is important. THE FREQUENCY OF REPORTING - How often the information is needed? How often it needs to be updated? THE SCOPE OF REPORTING - The coverage of information in terms of entities, area and range, and the interest shown by the recipient or the decision maker. THE SCOPE OF COLLECTION - Internal from organization or external to organization. THE TIME SCALE - It may relate to the past, the current and the future and can cover the entire time span. THE RELEVANCE TO DECISION MAKING - The information has relevance to a situation and also to a decision making. The irrelevant information is a data. COMPLETE FOR THE DECISION CONSIDERATION S - The informatio

Systems analysis play a central role in the development of MIS. Since the MIS is a conglomerate of various system, a systematic approach in its development help in achieving the objectives of the MIS. Each system within the MIS plays a role which contributes to the accomplishment of the MIS objective The tools of the system and the method of development enforce a discipline on the designer to follow the steps strictly as stipulated. The possibility of a mistake is almost ruled out. The success of MIS lies in meeting the information needs of the various personnel in organization across all levels of the management. The system analysis with its structural analysis and design approach ensures appropriate coverage of the sub systems. The data entioties and attributes are considered completely keeping in view the needs of the systems in question and their interface with other systems. The system analysis begins with the output design which itself ensures that the information need s are con

MANAGEMENT LEVELS USING MIS I) Strategic Planning Level The strategic planning level involves mangers at the top of the organizational hierarchy. The term strategic indicates the long-term impact of top managers’ decisions on the entire organization. The term executive is often used to describe a manager on the strategic planning level. II) Management Control Level Middle-level managers include regional managers, product directors, and division heads. Their level is called “management control level” due to their responsibility of putting plans into action and ensuring the accomplishment of goals. III) Operational Control Level Lower level managers are persons responsible for carrying out the plans specified by managers on upper levels. Their level is called the “operational control level” because this is where firm's operation occur.

NEED FOR MIS IN MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS 1. Increasing complexity of business activity a) International economy Firms of all sizes are subject to economic influences that can originate anywhere in the world. Such influences can be seen in the relative values of the currencies of each nation, where purchases are made in those countries with the highest currency value. b) Worldwide competition Competition exists on a worldwide scale. Its effects can be seen in the imports from foreign countries. c) Increasing complexity of technology Technology is used everywhere in business. Examples are bar code scanners, computer based airline reservation systems, automated teller machines, factory robots ..etc. d) Shrinking time frames All phases of business operations are performed more rapidly than ever before. (telemarketing, electronic sales orders, “just in time “ delivery of raw materials ..etc) e) Social constraints Some products and services are found undesirable by society.

Modern management is based upon a systems approach to the organization. The systems approach views an organization as a set of interrelated sub-systems in which variables are mutually dependent. A system can be perceived as having: · some components, functions and the processes performed by these various components; · relationships among the components that uniquely bind them together into a conceptual assembly which is called a system; and · an organizing principle that gives it a purpose (Albrecht, 1983). The organizing system has five basic parts, which are interdependent (Murdick and Ross, 1975). They are: · the individual; · the formal and informal organization; · patterns of behaviour arising out of role demands of the organization; · the role perception of the individuals; and · the physical environment in which individuals work. The interrelationship of the sub-systems within an organization is fundamental to the systems approach. The different components of the organiz